My Reflections -The Grand Finale

By the time Mrs. Webber, our course lecturer reads this blog, I am sure she would be fill with rage. I guess I am guilty as charged for sending in this assignment 10 days after the submission dateline. It is indeed tough juggling between work, family and studies. However, I am proud to have put in maximum amount of effort into creating this blog and I am elated to have completed this assignment.

 

What I have taken away from the creation of this blog, is the strong knowledge about issues such as, effective communications, important principles of document designs and how the media has evolved because of technology. I may not have turned into a professional journalist or a publisher overnight, but when there is a need to provide sensible comments about a document designs, I am confident to talk about it.

In my first post, I wrote about the various considerations a writer must go through before writing. Roger (1990) highlighted the importance of planning in order to create effective and good looking print communication. Putnis & Petelin (1996) explores the importance of readership and its impact towards producing the content of a document. There is also a  difference between writing for print and online publication. Nielsen (1996) explains the underlying reason why inverted pyramid style of presenting information is the preferred choice when publishing online.   

While writers put a strong emphasis on the contents of the document, we cannot deny that the basic principles of design has an equally important role to play when it comes to producing a well round document. Reed (2006), explains the use of basic design principles such as balance, proportion, sequence and consistency to achieve an effective blend of visual and text.     

I have never been a fan of blog sites in the past. I always view blog sites as avenues for disgruntled people to rant about their how they have been unjustly treated in the society. Blogs have revolutionise the way news are being reported. The emergence of citizen journalism has contributed to subjects that traditional news media ignore or do not often cover. The capability of reaching mass audience within seconds, means that writers need to think twice before posting any materials on the web.

While much effort has been exhausted in creating this blog, I am both excited and proud of what I have done. My next mission is to create a blog addressing the appalling safety standards of petroleum refineries located in third world countries and how large oil corporations employ double standards in safety despite their continuous preach of corporate social responsibilities and good governance.

Farewell!


References :

Roger C, P 1990, Looking good in print : a guide to basic design for desktop publishing, Ventana Press, Chapel Hill, NC

Putnis, P & Petelin, R 1996, Professional communication : Principles and applications, Prentice Hall, Sydney

Nielsen, J 1996, Inverted Pyramids in Cyberspace, <http://www.nngroup.com/articles/inverted-pyramids-in-cyberspace/>, viewed 15 February 2013. 

Reep, DC, 2006, Technical Writing : Principles, Strategies and Reading, 6th edn., Pearson/Longman, New York



   

Blog Reviews

Over the last 10 days, I have travelled to 3 different destinations within Asia. Being the Chief Executive Officer, it is ultimately my responsibility to ensure that the operations are moving along without any hitches. The last breach in safety occurring in Myanmar took me a while to rectify. But I am glad that there were no adverse effect on the evaluation process undertaken by the Stock Exchange of Singapore. However, I am still guilty as charge for neglecting my family, especially my 10 year old son. I decided to make it up to him by sending him to school this morning. Making our way to the car park, I had a funny feeling something was just not right. True enough, when I tried cranking the car, there was totally no response. My BMW was entering its eighth year of service and she rarely let me down. I guess my son is not the only one I had neglected over the last 10 days. I flagged a taxi and took my son to school. Like many "great man", the final decision when it came to capital expenditure like apartment and cars, usually depend on my better half. Was this a great opportunity to tell my wife that it was time for me to change my car?

 

After dropping my son off in school, I grabbed another taxi and headed straight home. Upon reaching, I took out my lap top and decided to look at some car reviews. I have always been an avid reader of car blogs simply because comments from other readers provide additional input that the author might have missed out. After all, no bloggers out there can claim to know or have driven every single car model. There are several blogs that provide reviews of cars in Singapore, but the 2 best blogs are Best Selling Cars Blog and My Auto Blog .

It may sound unfair, but when a reader first visit a blog, instant judgements are made within seconds. Vendalay Design (2012), discusses several characteristics of a good blog. The first characteristics, content, is what keeps readers coming back for more. While both Best Selling Cars Blog and My Auto Blog provide car reviews, both are slightly different in the way the contents are presented. The text message are written using the inverted pyramid model, providing a short summary of the review. My Auto Blog has a "Read more" button, which allows readers interested in the particular topic to read further.  

The second characteristics is navigation. Navigating both blogs are fairly easy. Both blogs provide ample link to related topics, archives and comments.  Best Selling Cars Blog even has a link buttons for "words" uncommon to readers.

The third characteristics is unique. Best Selling Cars blog is unique because it has links to the car market of many countries. The archives goes a long way back, reviewing prices and sales volume of these cars of the past.

The last characteristics is design. It is important that bloggers pay attention to design. This will provide the blog will a strong, consistent and visual feel in which the right things are emphasized and the viewer quickly make sense of what's there. The 4 key principles of good designs has been emphasized by Houle (2010) and that bloggers must understand how the use of contrast, repetition, alignment and proximity can help make a difference to their blog designs.

Both blogs use lots of images to supplement the text document. The images usually have simple background which provides a strong contrast of the vehicle.

Contrast
 

While the above image shows 2 cars in the background, the text "Auto Loan" captures our immediate attention. We can conclude that the review is about car financing. Different font sizes are use to contrast both header and text body. However, the use of different colour by My Auto Blog provides an even greater contrast between header and text body.

As both blog sites are supported commercially, repetition is most evident. Every page within the blog contains the same logo at the top of the page. The same background colour, elements and text colour is repeated throughout the pages of the blog.

Alignment plays an important role in making the blog look more professional. Both contents of both blogs are aligned directly in the centre. The images are fitted along the same margins of the written review. While white space are considered to be negative space, the generous amount of white space provide an uncluttered view of the entire blog.

Proximity is the grouping of like elements together and separating those that are not. Here we see an almost identical style of grouping the contents within both blogs. The contents of the blog are located centre left, while advertisement, links and archives are located centre right.

Houghton, (2012, Pg. 130) argues that while blogs maybe be an online home. But to get well connected, there is a need to be present elsewhere. Using one or two social network is a good avenue to reach out. In both of these blogs, we see the use of Twitter and Facebook to reach out to other readers by either sharing the link or twitt about the reviews.

Both blogs have left me fantasizing about my dream car. However, I need to device a convincing argument and put up a strong case to my wife, the "Judge". 

  

 

References:

Gasnier, M 2013, Best selling cars - Blog, viewed 25 February 2013,  

<http://bestsellingcarsblog.com/category/singapore/>

 

My Car Forum, 2012, My Auto Blog, viewed 25 February 2013, <http://www.mycarforum.com/blog/myautoblog/>

Vandelay Design, 2012, Characteristics of a good website, viewed 25 February 2013,
<http://vandelaydesign.com/blog/design/characteristics-of-a-good-website/>

 

Houle, A 2010, My Ink Blog - 4 principles of good design for websites, viewed 25 February, 2013, <http://www.myinkblog.com/4-principles-of-good-design-for-websites/#comment-714853950>

Houghton, R 2012, Blogging for creative, How Books, Carver Road, Ohio

 

 

 

 

 

 

Media Issues 4 - Citizen journalism vs. professional journalism

Yesterday, I stumbled upon a news article about citizen journalism in Syria. The article by Al-Din (2013) describes how the people of Syria are turning to citizen journalism among other measures to topple the current Al-Assad regime. In an effort to hinder the reporting of impartial news from the ground, the regime imposed a media blackout throughout the country. This blackout paved the way for citizen journalism movement, as an alternative media catering to the needs of citizens living in dangerous area, by reporting what is actually happening on a daily basis.

Barnes (2012) defines citizen journalism as the act of a citizen or group of citizens involved in the process of collecting, reporting, analysing and disseminating news and other form of information. The objective of such an exercise is to provide independent, wide-ranging and relevant information crucial to democratic societies. Information and communication tools, such as mobile phones and the internet, are bringing about a level of access to information that is unprecedented. Blogs, forum and uploading of photographs and videos to the internet, are now being labelled as citizen journalism. Today, people without formal training in journalism have an equal opportunity to use the tools of modern technology and the limitless reach of the internet to create contents that would otherwise not be revealed. This kind of journalism goes far beyond the reach of professional journalism.     

     

The role of professional journalist as gatekeeper of news, is threatened for the first time by not just new technology and competitors, but by the audience it serves. Citizens everywhere are getting together through the use of internet to set the agenda for news. Most citizens do not want to be journalist but want to contribute in small and meaningful way. Citizens are interested in joining and contributing to subjects that traditional news media ignore or do not often cover (Bowman & Willis 2005, Pg. 7 to 8). As I recalled, the emergence of true citizen journalism in Singapore was most evident during the 2006 Singapore General Elections. Blogs such as Singapore Election Watch, Little Speck and Mr. Brown providing coverage of the Singapore election were popular and widely read by Singapore netizens primarily hungry for alternative views. Furthermore, many view main stream media to be pro-government and the lack of coverage on the opposition led many ordinary citizens towards the new media for more balanced and objective news. 

Singapore Election Watch

However, the million dollar question remains. Can citizen journalism replace professional journalism? Bloggers generally do not produce their own news stories. They normally comment on news stories that are already published by professional journalist found on news website. If professional journalist stop writing, there would be nothing available for the blogger to comment on. Professional journalist adhere to a set of code of ethics. They need to be objective when reporting. Can a blogger do the same?  Professional journalist of large media organisations follow their beats for many years. Whether it is a editor covering politics or a sports columnist covering the latest sporting events, these professional write with authority because they know the subject. Bloggers may be experts only on their chosen topics. They may not have the resources to write with the same kind of knowledge and expertise as a reporter. Trust is earned by performance, not wealth of activity or exclusivity. People read a certain newspaper or listen to a particular TV or radio news shows because they trust these sources of news and information. The new online citizen journalist, the blogger and those who run websites, win trust through word-of-mouth that their information, opinions and insights can be relied upon (Saltzman 2005). So my answer is a clear "no". The current climate do not permit citizen journalism to replace professional journalism.

Whether through the use of blog, forum or video uploads, citizen journalism is here to stay. While it is still unable to replace professional journalism, we can see the important role citizen journalism plays, especially on subjects that main stream media ignore or cannot report about. Nothing holds more truth than the saying, "The pen is mightier than the sword". With technology, citizen journalism is able to reach far greater heights. A mighty empire can be brought to its knees overnight.  
  

Reference :

 

Al-Din, A,S 2013, Citizen journalism in Syria, viewed 24 February 2013, <http://www.aawsat.net/2013/01/article55291531>

Barnes, C 2012, Citizen journalism vs. traditional journalism : A case for collaboration, Vol. 58, issue 2/3, viewed 24 February 2013, <http://search.proquest.com.ezlibproxy.unisa.edu.au/docview/1237145950/citation?accountid=14649>

 

Bowman, S, Willis, C 2005, The future is here, but do news media companies see it? Niemann Reports 59.4, <http://search.proquest.com.ezlibproxy.unisa.edu.au/docview/216752463/fulltextPDF?accountid=14649> 

Saltzman, J 2005, Everyone's a journalist, vol. 134, issue 2726, viewed 24 February 2013, <http://search.proquest.com.ezlibproxy.unisa.edu.au/docview/214605929/abstract?accountid=14649>

Media Issues 3 - Are you still depending on the newspaper for your book reviews?

For many years, the Sunday newspaper has been my trusted source of book review. The review of the top 10 best selling books this week did not appeal to my usual choice. My usual choice of authors are Tom Clancy, Andy McNab, Dan Brown, Robert Ludlum and John  Grisham. However, non of them made it to the list. I am sure at least one of these authors have got a novel just published. As usual, I turned to my internet junkie wife for advise on how I can find a new book publish by those favourite authors of mine. She turned to me and gave a sarcastic reply. "Don't you know that many publishers are turning to social media for promotional activities?" 

 

In an article published by Jamieson 2013, readers and publishers relied on third parties such as local bookstore or literacy festival in the past, to provide book reviews. Today, publishers are exploring new ways to engage readers and convince them to buy a book. The use of Youtube and social media are some of the most preferred promotional tools use by them.    

Publishers today, train staff and employ production companies to create regular content such a book trailers and author interview on Youtube video.

 

 

Youtube analytics are found under Insights, and it go beyond telling how many people have viewed your videos. Another important aspect is their tools. It tells you where people are viewing from, the demographics of who is watching your book trailer or author interview and the regional results. Youtube also shows you how to keep your audiences' attention second by second. This is important information to help you create better videos next time. According to Adler & Sillars (2010, Pg. 249), the most important benefit of Youtube compared to other social media sites, is the size of the audience. If you want to get notice or have a viral campaign, Youtube is where you should be.   
 
There is very little doubt that Social media is very much a part of our society and is changing the way we live, learn and work. Social media is playing an active role in the publishing industry by allowing publishers and authors to engage readers directly.  

Social media connections, reshape the way we communicate and the way decision are made about which product to buy. When a book is published in the past, readers have no idea how the book is doing when it started selling in stores. Social media today,  provide an avenue for publishers to provide exact and immediate sales number real time to target readers. These numbers help influence the decision making process of a target reader.   

Another important aspect is credibility of the review. Social media are places that people go to talk to their friends or acquaintances. Because "word or mouth" and opinion are usually not tied to any monetary benefits, they are rated to be the most credible source of information. As product and brand information from social network is increasingly perceived as more credible, traditional forms of mass messaging becomes relatively less credible (Sheehan 2010, Pg. 109). Social media allows for interactions between publishers and readers. Comments and reviews whether positive or negative allow target readers to form their own opinion without much restrictions.    
  

If you are looking for a good read next time, don't wait for the reviews on the Sunday paper. You now have Youtube and social media to rely on.


References:

Jamieson, A 2013, New chapter for publishers and the online quest for readers, viewed 20 February 2013, <http://www.crikey.com.au/2013/02/08/new-chapter-for-publishers-and-the-online-quest-for-readers/>

Image resource : <https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgI86_aT2kpDhyphenhyphennrZvnYm-NBGsJ6VFet77Qvy_tYUmbfh8Mh9BS3u6w2Q__qN75Yij32G6BD8rB2e2ED0mLh5A2qMxaGX8gUaH2KtqqA7zaSeD2ZKeYF68ILJH8YepNvwuxHfHyRQc1NMgw/s1600/thelightsomelife2.jpg>

Adler, L & Sillars, R 2010, Linked photographers' guide to online marketing and social media, Course Technology / Cengage Learning, Boston, MA  

Image resource : <http://contest.is/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/daymond_fb.png>

Sheehan, Brian 2010, Online Marketing, AVA Publishing SA, Lausanne, Switzerland

Media issues 2 - Falling from grace

A week before the downfall of a prominent politician representing the ruling party of Singapore, I was in invited to a charity golf event. This particular politician was the guest of honour and many businessman were seen trying to get "chummy" with this guy. Ever since the infamous President Bill Clinton lied on national television about his affair with his intern, my opinion of politician has always been negative. To me, politicians are an epitome of lies and deceit. A week after, I was shocked to see this particular politician on the evening news.

Michael Palmer announced his resignation from his position as Parliament Speaker and Member of Parliament representing Puggol East SMC on 12 December 2012 over improper conduct. The very next day, his extra marital affair with People's Association member Laura Ong became public information after intimate SMSes and emails exchanged surface. Private photos of mystery lady Laura Ong, surfaced on tabloid news media - The New Paper, and she became a celebrity overnight for the wrong reasons.

The use of image is most evident in online news media, especially tabloid news. Synder (ed. 1997, Pg. 59 to 62) describe "writing" as a vehicle to provide information judged to be relevant and important.  "Images" on the other hand, are assumed to have the function of illustration or merely repeating the information (ed. 1997, Pg. 62). Compared to print news, online news usually contain one third in writing and two third are images. 

While the use of image helps enforce information, they is also a negative side to it. The detonative power of an image according to Nack, communicates a precise knowledge, which releases audience from the process of decision making, but leaves a problem of interpretation (n.d., Pg. 39). In a bid to increase readership, tabloid news tends to sensationalise or exaggerate information. The 2 photos featured in the news report shows Laura Ong with Michael Palmer at the bottom, and the photo above shows her attending a retreat in China with another politician. Putting both images together seems to insinuate that she is always getting "involved" with politician.

Mr. Palmer, I wish you all the best in your future endeavour.      

 

References :

Youtube 2012, Michael Palmer resigns as Speaker and MP, viewed 19 February, 2013,  <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bK-eXoMpjg8>

Tan, J, Foo, JY & Heng, L 2012, The New Paper : Annual retreat for "bonding" / SMSes expose Michael Palmer's affair, viewed 19 February 2013,  <http://www.tnp.sg/tags/laura-ong>

Synder, I (ed.) 1997, Page to screen : taking literacy into the electronic era, Allen and Unwin, St. Leonards, N.S.W.

Nack, F, Semiotics in Media, viewed 19 February 2013, <http://ssms10.project.cwi.nl/presentations/nack/SSMS-Nack.pdf>

Media Issues 1 - Reader's Digest files for Chapter 11

I joined a equipment manufacturing company as a Marketing Manager in 1997 and my job was to provide marketing support for our distributors throughout South East Asia. To keep myself occupied in between flights, I always arm myself with a good read and the Reader's Digest is one of my favourite. I came across this news article the other day and was a little shocked to learn that Reader's Digest filed for Chapter 11 under the United States' Bankruptcy Code, it a bid to re-organise and put in motion a debt restructuring plan with its creditors.

 

 

 

       

RDA Holding's encountered financial difficulties due to falling subscriptions and newsstand sales of it's largely print based products, including its flagship Reader's Digest. This is the second time the company has filed for bankruptcy protection since company first filed in 2009 and emerged in 2010. But it's comeback has been hampered by lingering debt and declines in Asia and Europe. CEO Robert Guth, believes that this second filing will enable the company to recover,  especially since they are gaining momentum in transforming the business and gaining traction in digital media.  

Mcmaken (2012) maintains that because ebooks are delivered in digital format, many readers expect ebooks to cost less than their print counterparts, and they often are. Today, prices of ebooks starts from as low as SGD1.25 and some classic books are even available free online. Before Reader's Digest was available in electronic format, I remember paying more than SGD10.00 for a single issue at the bookshop. Today, an electronic format Reader's Digest cost approximately SGD5.00 per issue.    

Mobility is another reason why more and more readers are turning away from the purchase of books in traditional print to ebooks. Readers today do not want to carry books in print because they are just too cumbersome. An ebook reader could store the entire contents of a few hundred books, but you could not possible carry that many books in print. These ebooks can be downloaded into electronic devices in the comfort of home, compared to making a trip down to the nearest bookshop without knowing whether the book of choice is available.

Jury (2006, Pg. 52) explore type or font size in print publication for partially sighted readers, or that legibility continues to increase with successive enlargement. With modern electronic devices, the font size can be adjusted with a flick of the screen. Being mere mortals, we cannot defy the laws of aging. As we grow older, our eye sight gets poorer and the need for larger type or font size is inevitable. Electronic devices today allow readers to easily zoom in and out to suit their eye preference.      

 

In a survey carried out by sourcebooks (2012), 80% of 200 ebooks reader that participated in the poll, believe that they are reading either somewhat or much more than before. Even big publications like Reader's Digest who has been around for more than 90 years and remains the world's largest circulation magazine acknowledge the need to transform, particularly in the digital arena. It would be such a shame if this publication house goes belly up.

References :

Detroit Free Press 2013, Bankruptcy again for reader's digest, viewed 17 February 2013,  <http://www.freep.com/article/20130218/BUSINESS/130218068/Bankruptcy-again-for-Reader-s-Digest>

Image resource : <http://cache.gawker.com/assets/images/7/2009/09/rdcover_01.jpg>

Mcmaken, L 2012, Investopedia, E-Books Vs. Print Books, viewed 17 February 2013, <http://www.investopedia.com/financial-edge/0812/e-books-vs.-print-books.aspx#axzz2LubQa821>

Jury, D 2006, What is typography?, Rotovision, SA

Sourcebooks 2012, Are ebooks changing how we read, viewed 17 February 2013 ,  <http://www.sourcebooks.com/blog/ebook-poll-results.html>

Technology - How it has change the way we communicate and design "documents"

It was a Saturday morning, and I was going through the classified advertisements in the daily newspaper (Singapore Straits Times) with my morning shot of caffeine sitting inside my favourite mug. I make it a habit to look at job offer advertisement occasionally to size up Singapore's state of economy. I  muttered to my wife about the shrinking number of job vacancies despite a healthy economy. She gave me a strange look and burst out laughing, telling me that I was old school. Today, many organizations today prefer placing job employment advertisement on the web rather than in print.

Technology today has evolved so much that the web has radically change the way we communicate. According to Castells, the World Wide Web is a communication network use to post and exchange documents. These documents can be texts, audio, video and software programs. Because the internet provides a diverse range of application, it has become the communication fabric of our lives, for work, for personal connection, for social networking, for information, for public service, for politics and for religion (2009, Pg. 64). In the new era of Web 2.0, social media, blogs and forum provide a platform to not only consume information, but to participate as well. This has resulted in a 2 way flow of communication.

Another significant change brought about by technology, is the way documents are designed. The first job advertisement that I explored on the internet made me realised why more and more organisations choose this platform as a preferred mode of job advertisement. The "Search" function is the first thing you see when you enter into a job advertisement site. The availability of this function allows job seeker to zoom in on specific jobs that they are looking for.    

Next, job advertisement on the newspaper appear in the usual boring format of words. On the other hand, a similar advertisement on the internet includes images. Images have other effects that are different from words, particularly at effective, aesthetic and imaginative levels (Walsh 2006, Pg. 29).    With so many jobs of similar nature being advertised, these job seekers rarely read an advertisement thoroughly. They scan through these advertisement usually seeking information such as salary, working hours and fringe benefits. Images such as company logo, photos of working environment and products (in the case of sales) will further arouse the interest of job seekers further, without having to read through lengthy documents. 

The use of Hyperlink is another key aspect in document design. In this case, job seekers are able to instantly link themselves to other documents such as application forms, email address of the prospective employers and the profile of the company. 

Snyder believes that the rapidly increasing use of visual modes of communication has a complex set of causes, the simultaneous development and the exponential expansion of the potentials of electronic technologies will entrench visual modes of communication as a rival to language in many domains of public life (ed. 1997, Pg. 55) 
   
References :

Castells, M 2009, Communication Power, OUP, Oxford

Singapore jobs 1998 to 2013, viewed 16 February 2013, <http://sg.jobsdb.com/SG/>

Walsh, M 2006, The "textual shift" : Examining the reading process with print, visual and multimodal text, Australia journal of language and literacy, Vol. 29, no. 1, Pg. 24 to 37

Synder, I (ed.) 1997, Page to screen : taking literacy into the electronic era, Allen and Unwin, St. Leonards, N.S.W.


  

Designing "documents" on the web

With improvements in technology, more and more people are turning to the internet for various types of information. But with so many documents on available on the internet, how can you successfully capture your target readers. While there are many different factors that may influence the level of readership, let us look at issues to consider when designing text for the web.


Parker (2003) explores issues ranging from online reading, reduce line length, line spacing and white space. It is harder to read documents online than compared to print. Onscreen reading requires projected light. Readers are effectively staring into the lens of a slide projector. Individual letters making up the message are projected on the screen.

  

Use of White Space

Filling too much of the screen with text must be avoided. The lack of white space presents a "hard to read" image. Reduce line length by having a generous margin along the left hand edge and a narrower margin along the right hand edge of each page. This is important since readers do not need to make as many left to right eye movements as they scan each line of the text. It is also important to use white space to subdivide and organise documents. Avoid placing subheads equidistant from the preceding paragraph and the paragraph they introduce. It is better to place more white space above the subheads, where it clearly indicates a break with the previous topics, than between the subhead and the text it introduces.

Poor Line Spacing

Compromising on line spacing can seriously affect the document's appearance and make it harder to read. The correct line spacing for any application is determine by the interaction of typeface, type size and length line. White space between lines, act as "rails" which guide the reader's eyes along as they move from left to right.

Another important issue according to Nielsen (1996), is the use of inverted pyramid writing style. Studies shows that many users don't scroll when reading text documents on the web. Instead the read only the top part of an article. Only very interested readers will reach the bottom of the pyramid and get the full story. Therefore, web journalist usually start an article by telling readers the conclusion, follow by most important supporting information, and end by giving the background. 

 

The generous use of images is one reason why there is a preference to publish documents online as compared to print. Mostly, pictures and words are used together to help users understand its contents. However, visuals are not always helpful. The above shows how sometimes images get in the way, especially if they are there for the purpose of decorating the text. Here we see images of clothing and fashion accessories. The text "Even the best fall down sometimes" makes absolutely no sense as to how falling down is related to the image. "There is little argument about the power of pictures to make ideas vivid. The continuing controversy is over how to bring words and picture together in harmonious way so that readers can use the information to fit their unique purpose (Schriver, 1997 Pg. 411)."

 

References :

Parker, RC 2003, Looking good in print, 5th edn. Paraglyph Press, Scottsdale, Arizona

 

Image Source : <http://69.89.31.90/~incontex/wp-content/media/using-clean-document1.gif>

 

Image Source : <http://pad3.whstatic.com/images/thumb/9/9d/ChangeLineSpacing-6.jpg/500px-ChangeLineSpacing-6.jpg>

 

Nielsen, J 1996, Inverted Pyramids in Cyberspace, <http://www.nngroup.com/articles/inverted-pyramids-in-cyberspace/>, viewed 15 February 2013. 

 

Image Source :   <http://wearesimonbostock.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/InvertedPyramid.gif>

 

Schriver, KA 1997, Dynamics in document design : Creating text for readers, Wiley Computer Publication, New York